{"id":42423,"date":"2023-01-12T22:17:33","date_gmt":"2023-01-12T22:17:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gsgf.greenschoolsgreenfuture.org\/?p=42423"},"modified":"2023-01-21T22:17:50","modified_gmt":"2023-01-21T22:17:50","slug":"how-sponge-cities-are-redesigning-themselves-for-extreme-rain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gsgf.greenschoolsgreenfuture.org\/fr\/how-sponge-cities-are-redesigning-themselves-for-extreme-rain\/","title":{"rendered":"How \u2018sponge cities\u2019 are redesigning themselves for extreme rain"},"content":{"rendered":"

In California, and around the world, climate change is making extreme rain more likely. Here\u2019s how some cities are adapting.<\/h2>\n

When a heavy storm dumped 5 1\/2 inches of rain on San Francisco on New Year\u2019s Eve\u2014more than the city usually gets in the entire month of December\u2014streets started to flood. In one small Japanese restaurant in the Mission District, employees had to crawl out of a window as the kitchen filled up with water. Outside, a parklet with wooden benches for outdoor dining started to float away, held back only because it was chained to the ground.<\/p>\n

At the same time that California is in the middle of the worst drought in centuries, climate change is making extreme rainfall more likely. \u201cAtmospheric rivers,\u201d long jets of air that can carry 15 times as much water as the Mississippi River, aren\u2019t new on the West Coast. But as global warming continues, the number of intense storms from atmospheric rivers may\u00a0nearly double by 2100<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The current parade of storms is dumping\u00a0trillions of gallons<\/a>\u00a0of water on the state. Most of it isn\u2019t being captured for later use, despite the drought. It\u2019s also causing floods, a problem compounded in some areas by sea level rise and sinking land. But better urban design could help. Globally, there are cities that are pioneering solutions.<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

Image: courtesy SLA Copenhagen<\/p>\n

In Copenhagen, one project is creating reservoirs in a city park\u2014in areas that people can use when it\u2019s not raining\u2014and a new channel will lead extra water to city lakes. On nearby streets in the neighborhood, rain gardens help soak up water to avoid overloading the sewer system. In other neighborhoods,\u00a0sunken gardens double as rainwater storage<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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In a similar \u201cwater square\u201d in the Dutch city of Rotterdam, a sunken basketball court can store\u00a0nearly half a million gallons of water<\/a>\u00a0in a storm. In Bangkok, a recently built park was\u00a0designed with a slope that sends water into large storage tanks underground<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u201cTypically in urban environments you have rooftops, you have paved areas, and all of that covers up dirt and vegetation that used to be able to act as a sponge,\u201d says Michael Kiparsky, director of the Wheeler Water Institute at the University of California, Berkeley. Green roofs, rain gardens, and other interventions can help slow down water and begin to \u201cundo this vast scale alteration to the hydrologic cycle,\u201d he says. The approach is sometimes called the \u201csponge city\u201d model.<\/p>\n

Green infrastructure is becoming standard in many new developments, says Geeti Silwal, a principal in urban design at Perkins&Will. \u201cWe\u2019re thinking about \u2018de-paving,\u2019 thinking about how we create larger areas of tree canopy. . . . All of that is intrinsically embedded in our projects,\u201d she says. In a project in Palo Alto, a creek is embedded in a concrete channel; the firm is working on a design to return it to a natural state, creating both a bigger area for water to soak into the ground and new access to nature for people living nearby.<\/p>\n

Other projects have already demonstrated how much they can help. In New York City, when rain from Hurricane Ida and Tropical Storm Henri flooded some basement apartments, the area in front of one apartment building stayed dry. A\u00a0\u201cliving street,\u201d built with permeable pavement that can suck up water<\/a>, helped prevent flooding, along with rain gardens around the building.<\/p>\n

In a 2021 report, the architects who designed the building shared a rendering of how an intersection covered in pavement could be transformed with the same principles: A parking lot could become a park, bike lanes could be bordered by rain gardens, and the street could be lined with trees to capture large volumes of water via their roots.<\/p>\n

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San Francisco has multiple recently built green infrastructure projects. Along 14 blocks of Sunset Boulevard, rain gardens capture water running off the street. Holloway Avenue has eight blocks of permeable pavement and bioretention planters (curbside planters designed to capture water). Some other streets have added green \u201cbulb-outs\u201d\u2014curb extensions at intersections that make it easier for people to cross the street and that create extra space for plants and water storage. In a city park, a stream that was put in an underground channel in the past will be \u201cdaylighted,\u201d bringing it back to the surface where it can capture rain that otherwise would have flowed into the sewer system and out to the ocean.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u201cGreen infrastructure has an important role to play in helping San Francisco adapt to climate change,\u201d says Joseph Sweiss, spokesperson for the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. It can also boost biodiversity, and trees can add shade to fight the urban heat island effect. It also provides a buffer for the sewer system by reducing runoff; like many older cities, San Francisco has a combined sewer system, meaning that it collects wastewater and rainwater together, and pipes can easily be overwhelmed.<\/p>\n

Green infrastructure solutions are \u201cflexible, additive, and can be modified and adapted over time as our climate changes,\u201d Sweiss says. \u201cSewer improvements are also part of the solution to adapting to climate change, but it is much more challenging to increase the size of a new underground pipe once it has already been put in the ground.\u201d Some green projects can store water for future use in irrigation or flushing toilets.<\/p>\n

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Still, the city\u2019s new projects are happening at a relatively small scale. \u201cWhat we\u2019ve seen now is a lot of good pilot projects and a sprinkling of these projects in a lot of urban areas. That\u2019s great. People are seeing that those things can work,\u201d says Dave Smith, principal at Water Innovation Services, who spent three decades working on water issues at the Environmental Protection Agency. \u201cBut what is challenging is making this kind of the standard operating procedure wherever anybody\u2019s doing new paving, new street development, new land development, so that it becomes more of a standard practice.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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On the street where the Japanese restaurant flooded, the city is working on increasing the size of sewer pipes; Sweiss says that green infrastructure could help in that area, though in heavy storms, it wouldn\u2019t be enough on its own.<\/p>\n

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City agencies are often reluctant to adopt new approaches. Funding is another challenge, including the money needed to maintain a distributed system of green infrastructure after it\u2019s built. (San Francisco relies in part on a \u201cRain Guardians\u201d program, which tasks volunteers with maintaining rain gardens.) And while better stormwater design may become more common in new development, it\u2019s harder to incorporate in the miles of paved urban areas that already exist.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere really needs to be systematic investment and reinvestment in our communities, and how we manage water in them,\u201d Smith says. \u201cAnd the problem is, our cities are largely built out. So there are not that many opportunities each year, in most cities, to go redo how water is managed on a portion of the land in that city.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Then there\u2019s the fundamental challenge of where development has happened. In San Francisco, as in other cities, some buildings were constructed in floodplains, and on top of former streams, wetlands, and ponds (or, in some cases,\u00a0on landfill inside the San Francisco Bay<\/a>). In heavy storms, the water returns. Climate change is exacerbating the problem not just because of extreme rainfall but because rising sea levels are backing up drains, making it harder to get rid of large volumes of water.<\/p>\n

In some neighborhoods, green infrastructure and improvements to traditional sewers can\u2019t necessarily prevent flooding during extreme storms. It\u2019s possible that some people may eventually need to move from the hardest-hit areas; San Francisco has previously considered buying some homes that repeatedly fill with sewage water in storms. Many cities are grappling with the same possibility, whether because of flooding from rain or sea level rise or both.<\/p>\n

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\u201cI think the whole pattern of development throughout the last 100 years has been to assume that we can manage water with hard engineering measures, pipes, and pumps and tanks,\u201d says Thaddeus Pawlowski, managing director of the Center for Resilient Cities and Landscapes at Columbia University. \u201cWith climate change, we know that that\u2019s impossible now. There are places where development happened where people will have to move. And that\u2019s really painful, because people have their whole lives and sometimes intergenerational wealth tied up.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Cities need better tools to help people move, Pawlowski says, and to build more housing in safe places. And there\u2019s no single solution to help cities prepare for more rain, though multiple solutions can make a difference. \u201cThere\u2019s physical stuff like permeable pavement, bioswales, more trees,\u201d he says. \u201cBut then there\u2019s operational stuff that\u2019s also really important, like helping people understand their risk, buying flood insurance, having a good sheltering program. We need all of the above.\u201d<\/p>\n

Image Credit: SLA Copenhagen<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Written by ADELE PETERS<\/a><\/p>\n

January 10, 2023<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In California, and around the world, climate change is making extreme rain more likely. Here\u2019s how some cities are adapting. When a heavy storm dumped 5 1\/2 inches of rain on San Francisco on New Year\u2019s Eve\u2014more than the city usually gets in the entire month of December\u2014streets started to flood. In one small Japanese […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":42425,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-articles"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow \u2018sponge cities\u2019 are redesigning themselves for extreme rain - Green Schools Green Future<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"How \u2018sponge cities\u2019 are redesigning themselves for extreme rain - Green Schools Green Future\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_CA\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How \u2018sponge cities\u2019 are redesigning themselves for extreme rain - 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